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Table 1 Evidence-based guidelines for the clinical use of cannabinoids for management of chronic pain in the absence of opioids, in the presence of opioids, and for those attempting to taper opioids

From: An answered call for aid? Cannabinoid clinical framework for the opioid epidemic

  1. Best Practices for Product Recommendation Since CBD is derived from the hemp plant, multiple formulations are available on the market and are not subject to FDA regulation. We recommend only products that meet the following qualifications: manufactured in a clean and certified facility (ideally GMP and CO2 or ethanol extraction for consistency), full panel testing of the end product (for primary 8 cannabinoids and terpenes), available for consumer review, analysis verifying minimum acceptable levels of contaminants per California cannabis standards (i.e., herbicides, pesticides, fungicides), no heavy metals, no harmful solvents, no harmful or toxic filters, cannabinoid content should match label claims within a 10% variance. Considerations based on provider and patient preference include the presence of sub-cannabinoids and terpenes with maximum allowable THC content (full spectrum products are generally recommended), no synthetic or genetically engineered ingredients, and cultivation in compliance with organic farming practices. Based on current product market availability, CBD manufacturers that meet this high standard of quality and consistency for clinical use that are nationally available can be found in the following reference [101]. Guidelines and recommendations are subject to change based on new evidence