A pre-experimental design evaluation of brief harm reduction interventions to improve coping self-efficacy of carers of people with substance use disorder

Table 3 Paired t-test results

Coping construct	Paired differences
Coping construct	M	SD	t statistic	df	p-value (One-sided)
Overall coping self-efficacy
Post–pretest	2.12	1.27	6.48	14	< .0001*
Problem-focused coping
Post-pretest	2.26	1.17	7.47	14	< .0001*
Emotion-focused coping
Post–pretest	2.27	1.57	5.61	14	< .0001*
Social coping strategies
Post–pretest	1.52	1.53	3.86	14	0.0017*

ISSN: 1477-7517