Table 1 Sample description of 514 people who use opioids in justice diversion addiction treatment during 2014–2016 by gender
| Â | Total | Women | Men |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Total | 514 (100) | 151 (100) | 363 (100) |
Justice involvementa | |||
 Age at 1st arrest (years) | |||
  Missing | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) |
  9–17 | 246 (47.9) | 46 (30.5) | 200 (55.1) |
  18–20 | 138 (26.9) | 48 (31.8) | 90 (24.8) |
  21–59 | 128 (24.9) | 57 (37.8) | 71 (19.6) |
  Median (IQR) | 18 (16–20.5) | 19 (17–22) | 17 (15–19) |
Lifetime arrests | |||
 Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
 1–5 | 173 (33.7) | 61 (40.4) | 112 (30.9) |
 6–10 | 171 (33.3) | 49 (32.5) | 122 (33.6) |
 11 or more | 170 (32.1) | 41 (27.2) | 129 (35.5) |
Arrests in year before treatment or jail | |||
 Missing | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
 0 | 167 (32.5) | 24 (15.9) | 143 (39.4) |
 1–2 | 214 (41.6) | 77 (51.0) | 137 (37.7) |
 3–42 | 130 (25.3) | 50 (33.1) | 80 (22.0) |
 Median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) |
Time spent in jail or prison in lifetime (years) | |||
 Missing | 7 (1.4) | 4 (2.7) | 3 (0.8) |
 0–0.9 | 107 (20.8) | 66 (43.7) | 41 (11.3) |
 1–3.4 | 135 (26.3) | 47 (31.1) | 88 (24.2) |
 3.5–7.4 | 134 (26.1) | 23 (15.2) | 111 (30.6) |
 7.5–41.3 | 131 (25.5) | 11 (7.3) | 120 (33.1) |
 Median (IQR) | 3.5 (1–7.5) | 1.1 (0.3–3) | 5 (2.3–9.8) |
Time spent in jail or prison in past year (months) | |||
 Missing | 17 (3.3) | 8 (5.3) | 9 (2.5) |
 0–1.9 | 119 (23.2) | 43 (28.5) | 76 (20.9) |
 2–5.9 | 134 (26.1) | 59 (39.1) | 75 (20.7) |
 6–10.9 | 125 (24.3) | 28 (18.5) | 97 (26.7) |
 11–12 | 119 (23.2) | 13 (8.6) | 106 (29.2) |
 Median (IQR) | 5.3 (2–10) | 3.1 (1.4–6) | 6.5 (2.9–12) |
Overdose experience | |||
 Experienced an overdose | 350 (68.1) | 114 (75.5) | 236 (65.0) |
 Most recent overdose involved heroin and/or prescription opioidsb | 254 (72.6) | 87 (76.3) | 167 (70.8) |
 Experienced an overdose in the year before treatment | 219 (42.7) | 83 (55.0) | 136 (37.5) |
Number of experienced overdoses in lifetime | |||
 0 | 164 (31.9) | 37 (24.5) | 127 (35.0) |
 1–5 | 225 (43.8) | 63 (41.7) | 162 (44.6) |
 6 or more | 125 (24.3) | 51 (33.8) | 74 (20.4) |
Witnessed overdose | |||
 Witnessed any overdose | 407 (79.2) | 127 (84.1) | 280 (77.1) |
 Most recently witnessed overdose involved heroin and/or prescription opioidsc | 339 (83.3) | 117 (92.1) | 222 (79.3) |
Number of witnessed overdoses in lifetime | |||
 0 | 107 (20.8) | 24 (15.9) | 83 (22.9) |
 1–5 | 269 (52.3) | 84 (55.6) | 185 (51.0) |
 6 or more | 138 (26.9) | 43 (28.5) | 95 (26.2) |
Naloxone knowledge | |||
 Heard of naloxone | 319 (62.1) | 109 (66.9) | 210 (57.9) |
 Identified purpose of naloxoned | 289 (90.6) | 101 (92.7) | 188 (89.5) |
Demographic and social characteristics | |||
 Age (years), Median (IQR) | 34 (27–46) | 31 (26–40) | 36 (28–48) |
Race | |||
 Black | 83 (16.2) | 18 (11.9) | 65 (17.9) |
 White | 384 (74.7) | 116 (76.8) | 268 (73.8) |
 Other | 13 (2.5) | 3 (2.0) | 10 (2.8) |
 Multiple races | 34 (6.6) | 14 (9.3) | 20 (5.5) |
 Hispanic ethnicity | 24 (4.7) | 5 (3.3) | 19 (5.2) |
 Less than high school education/GED | 83 (16.2) | 54 (14.9) | 29 (19.2) |
 Temporary housing in past 3 monthse | 290 (56.4) | 77 (51.0) | 213 (58.7) |
Substance use | |||
 Lifetime heroin use | 347 (67.5) | 117 (77.5) | 230 (63.3) |
 Heroin use in the past yearf | 249 (71.9) | 93 (79.5) | 156 (67.8) |
 Used heroin ≥ 7 consecutive days during the month before treatment or jailf | 194 (55.9) | 70 (59.8) | 124 (53.9) |
 Lifetime prescription opioid use (not as prescribed a doctor) | 485 (94.4) | 144 (95.4) | 341 (93.9) |
 Used prescription opioids in the past year (not as prescribed by a doctor)g | 271 (55.9) | 96 (66.7) | 175 (51.3) |
 Took or borrowed prescription opioids belonging to someone else, took more than prescribed, or used for reasons other than for pain management | 371 (72.2) | 118 (78.1) | 253 (70.0) |
 Injected drugs in the month before entering treatment or jail | 221 (43.0) | 75 (49.7) | 146 (40.2) |