Fig. 3

Associations of overdose experience, witnessing an overdose, and justice involvement with naloxone knowledge among men and women who use opioids in justice diversion addiction treatment during 2014–2016. Prevalence of naloxone knowledge was higher men who had experienced an overdose in their lifetime (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR, 95% confidence interval, CI] men: 1.5 [1.1–2.0]) and marginally higher among women who had experienced an overdose (aPR [95% CI] 1.5 [0.95–2.4]). Women who had witnessed an overdose were also marginally more likely to have naloxone knowledge (aPR [95% CI] 1.4 [0.97–2.1]). There was no difference in prevalence of naloxone knowledge for men or women by their justice involvement history (aPR [95% CI] men 0.98 [0.82–1.2, women 0.97 [0.79–1.2]). Among men, there was also no difference in naloxone knowledge by history of witnessing an overdose (aPR [95% CI] 1.1 [0.89–1.5]). Adjusted prevalence ratios are adjusted for age, race, education level, residence in temporary housing (defined as reporting living in a halfway house or group home, inpatient facility, jail, shelter, or homeless), lifetime heroin use, and injection drug use in the 30 days prior to treatment. Ref reference group