From: Smoking heroin with cannabis versus injecting heroin: unexpected impact on treatment outcomes
Characteristic | Smokers (n = 211) (%) | IV users (n = 89) (%) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Median age at enrolment (years) (IOR) | 27 (24–30) | 25 (22–28) | 0.01 |
Gender | |||
Male | 179 (84.8) | 77 (86.5) | 0.86 |
Female | 32 (15.2) | 12 (13.5) | |
Years of schooling | |||
Up to 9 years | 27 (12.8) | 16 (18.0) | 0.34 |
10–11 years | 115 (55.4) | 52 (58.4) | |
Completed high school | 38 (18.0) | 10 (11.2) | |
Employment status | |||
Employed (including informal employment) | 114 (54.0) | 48 (53.9) | > 0.99 |
Unemployed | 95 (45.0) | 40(44.9) | |
Scholar | 2 (0.9) | 1 (1.1) | |
Median age at first heroin use (years) (IQR) | 20 (17–23) | 18 (16–20) | 0.001 |
Past month substance use | |||
Heroin | 211 (100.0) | 89 (100.0) | - |
Cannabis | 210 (95.5) | 89 (55.1) | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol | 38 (18.0) | 11 (12.4) | 0.30 |
Crystalmetamphetamine | 35 (16.6) | 23 (25.8) | 0.08 |
Crack-cocaine | 59 (28.0) | 19 (21.3) | 0.25 |
Methaqualone | 38 (18.0) | 17 (19.1) | 0.87 |
Tobacco | 208 (98.6 | 89 (100.0) | 0.56 |
Median Q score heroin (IQR) | 7.5 (4.5–10) | 6 (4.5–9) | 0.14 |
3 or more substances used (past month) | 121 (57.3) | 41 (46.1) | < 0.0001 |
Psychiatric comorbidities | |||
Major depressive episode (past) | 74 (35.1) | 28 (31.5) | 0.59 |
Generalised anxiety disorder | 60 (28.4) | 18 (20.2) | 0.15 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 41 (19.4) | 12 (13.5) | 0.25 |
Any mental illness (excl ASPD*) | 112 (53.1) | 36 (40.4) | 0.06 |
Median social functioning total score (IQR) | 27 (23–31) | 27 (22–31) | 0.85 |
Median criminality total score (IQR) | 4 (1–6) | 4 (2–7) | 0.01 |
Median general health total score (IQR) | 20 (15–24) | 20 (15–24) | 0.87 |
HIV positive | 21 (13.2) | 23 (31.1) | 0.002 |