Table 2 Bivariate and multivariable associations with injection initiation assistance among people who inject drugs in San Diego, USA; Tijuana, Mexico; and Vancouver, Canada

Age

0.97 (0.95–0.99)**

0.95 (0.92–0.98)**

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

0.97 (0.92–1.01)

0.98 (0.97–0.99)**

0.95 (0.93–0.97)***

Years since first injection

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

1.04 (1.02–1.06)***

Gender

(ref = women)

1.18 (0.73–1.92)

1.29 (0.78–2.14)

2.07 (1.19–3.59)**

2.17 (1.22–3.84)*

0.99 (0.75–1.30)

1.10 (0.83–1.46)

Marital status (ref = other)

0.75 (0.37–1.51)

–

0.78 (0.48–1.28)

–

1.43 (1.00–2.05)

–

Housing status (ref = other)

0.67 (0.43–1.04)

–

1.06 (0.64–1.75)

–

1.21 (0.92–1.60)

–

Non-injected heroin use (ref = no)

1.03 (0.62–1.72)

–

1.63 (0.99–2.71)

–

–

–

Non-injected cocaine use (ref = no)

1.72 (0.74–3.99)

–

1.63 (0.93–2.86)

–

–

–

Non-injected methamphetamine use (ref = no)

1.72 (0.61–4.90)

–

1.19 (0.54–2.61)

–

–

–

Injected heroin use (ref = no)

1.04 (0.55–1.94)

–

–

–

–

–

Injected cocaine use (ref = no)

1.07 (0.65–1.76)

–

1.31 (0.79–2.19)

–

–

–

Injected methamphetamine use (ref = no)

2.07 (0.95–4.53)

–

3.55 (1.08–11.62)*

3.17 (0.96–10.52)

–

–