Table 5 Factors associated with giving used needles and/or syringes in the previous month among HIV-positive men who injected drugs in northwestern Vietnam

 Tuan Giao

1

1

 Bat Xat

1.52 (0.28–8.30)

0.627

0.37 (0.04–3.72)

 Lao Cai City

3.38 (1.01–11.27)

0.047

2.75 (0.72–10.56)

Age groups

(0.120)

 18–28

1

–

 29–35

0.54 (0.15–1.86)

0.325

–

 36–41

0.46 (0.09–2.45)

0.364

–

 42 or older

0.29 (0.03–2.52)

0.260

–

 Kinh

1

–

 Thai

0.22 (0.04–1.08)

0.062

–

 H’mong

–^c

–

–

 Dao

–^c

–

–

 Others

1.50 (0.35–6.40)

0.584

–

Education level

(0.623)

 No education

1

–

 Grades 1–9

0.83 (0.17–4.06)

0.820

–

 Grade 10 or higher

0.31 (0.03–3.68)

0.354

–

Duration of injection drug use

(0.194)

 ≤ 1 year

1

–

 2–3 years

0.81 (0.11–6.08)

0.841

–

 4–6 years

2.08 (0.38–11.41)

0.398

–

 > 6 years

1.90 (0.35–10.39)

0.458

–

 ≤ 1 time/day

1

–

 ≥ 2 times/day

1.54 (0.41–5.75)

0.524

–

 No

1

1

 Yes

5.58 (1.47–21.14)

0.012

4.57 (1.08–19.26)

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.29 (0.09–0.97)

0.044

0.21 (0.06–0.79)

 No

1

–

 Yes

0.61 (0.18–2.06)

0.425

–