From: Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among men who inject drugs in a remote area of Vietnam
Characteristics | Received used needles and/or syringes in the previous month | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%a) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value (for trend) | Adjusted ORb (95% CI) | p value (for trend) | |
Study sites | |||||
Tuan Giao | 146 (35.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
Bat Xat | 79 (19.4) | 3.12 (1.37–7.11) | 0.007 | 1.70 (0.47–6.17) | 0.417 |
Lao Cai City | 182 (44.7) | 1.02 (0.45–2.33) | 0.957 | 1.13 (0.33–3.94) | 0.848 |
Age groups | (0.458) | ||||
18–28 | 104 (25.6) | 1 | – | ||
29–35 | 97 (23.8) | 1.08 (0.43–2.72) | 0.870 | – | |
36–41 | 101 (24.8) | 0.81 (0.31–2.14) | 0.669 | – | |
42 or older | 105 (25.8) | 1.33 (0.56–3.18) | 0.524 | – | |
Ethnicity | |||||
Kinh | 233 (57.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
Thai | 77 (18.9) | 1.45 (0.57–3.71) | 0.434 | 2.91 (0.73–11.51) | 0.129 |
H’mong | 16 (3.9) | 6.61 (2.03–21.49) | 0.002 | 5.19 (0.89–30.41) | 0.068 |
Dao | 20 (4.9) | 4.84 (1.55–15.14) | 0.007 | 3.18 (0.56–18.06) | 0.191 |
Others | 61 (15.0) | 2.52 (1.04–6.06) | 0.040 | 3.01 (1.08–8.38) | 0.035 |
Education level | (0.002) | (0.189) | |||
No education | 38 (9.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
Grades 1–9 | 223 (54.8) | 0.31 (0.13–0.71) | 0.006 | 0.66 (0.21–2.09) | 0.484 |
Grade 10 or higher | 146 (35.9) | 0.18 (0.07–0.49) | 0.001 | 0.51 (0.13–2.02) | 0.336 |
Duration of injection drug use | (0.383) | (0.059) | |||
≤ 1 year | 142 (34.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
2–3 years | 102 (25.1) | 2.16 (0.89–5.26) | 0.091 | 2.13 (0.78–5.81) | 0.142 |
4–6 years | 67 (16.5) | 2.90 (1.14–7.39) | 0.025 | 3.83 (1.32–11.13) | 0.014 |
> 6 years | 96 (23.6) | 1.34 (0.50–3.61) | 0.559 | 2.52 (0.78–8.19) | 0.125 |
Frequency of injection drug use in the previous month | |||||
≤ 1 time/day | 152 (37.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
≥ 2 times/day | 255 (62.7) | 0.66 (0.35–1.27) | 0.211 | 0.69 (0.31–1.51) | 0.347 |
Went to a hotspot in the previous week | |||||
No | 155 (38.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 252 (61.9) | 2.36 (1.09–5.09) | 0.029 | 3.03 (1.28–7.19) | 0.012 |
Received free clean needles and syringes in the previous 6 months | |||||
No | 187 (46.0) | 1 | – | ||
Yes | 220 (54.1) | 0.79 (0.41–1.51) | 0.476 | – | |
Ever tested for HIV | |||||
No | 265 (65.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 142 (34.9) | 0.57 (0.27–1.20) | 0.141 | 0.93 (0.40–2.13) | 0.862 |