Table 3 Factors associated with receiving or giving used needles and/or syringes in the previous 6 months among men who injected drugs in northwestern Vietnam and had never been tested for HIV before this study

 Tuan Giao

1

1

 Bat Xat

2.41 (1.21–4.79)

0.012

1.22 (0.43–3.44)

0.706

 Lao Cai City

0.69 (0.33–1.44)

0.325

0.58 (0.18–1.92)

0.373

Age groups

(0.345)

(0.060)

 18–28

1

1

 29–35

0.66 (0.31–1.39)

0.271

0.40 (0.17–0.95)

0.037

 36–41

0.46 (0.20–1.09)

0.079

0.25 (0.09–0.68)

0.007

 42 or older

0.76 (0.35–1.67)

0.500

0.45 (0.17–1.17)

0.101

 Kinh

1

1

 Thai

1.14 (0.50–2.47)

0.790

1.12 (0.31–4.13)

0.862

 H’mong

3.91 (1.22–12.54)

0.022

4.07 (0.83–20.06)

0.085

 Dao

4.31 (1.54–12.06)

0.006

4.59 (0.96–21.89)

0.056

 Others

2.28 (1.06–4.89)

0.035

2.25 (0.84–6.05)

0.108

Education level

(0.014)

(0.370)

 No education

1

1

 Grades 1–9

0.52 (0.24–1.13)

0.099

1.06 (0.38–2.94)

0.912

 Grade 10 or higher

0.30 (0.12–0.78)

0.013

0.79 (0.22–2.81)

0.712

Duration of injection drug use

(0.634)

(0.061)

 ≤ 1 year

1

1

 2–3 years

2.04 (0.95–4.36)

0.067

2.62 (1.09–6.30)

0.032

 4–6 years

2.33 (1.04–5.23)

0.041

4.29 (1.65–11.19)

0.003

 > 6 years

1.02 (0.40–2.59)

0.962

2.68 (0.85–8.47)

0.093

 ≤ 1 time/day

1

1

 ≥ 2 times/day

0.75 (0.42–1.34)

0.335

0.77 (0.38–1.55)

0.457

 No

1

1

 Yes

2.10 (1.13–3.95)

0.022

2.81 (1.34–5.90)

0.006

 No

1

1

 Yes

0.57 (0.32–1.01)

0.057

0.63 (0.31–1.28)

0.201