From: Prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among men who inject drugs in a remote area of Vietnam
Characteristics | Total, n (%) | Tuan Giao, n (%) | Bat Xat, n (%) | Lao Cai City, n (%) | p valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 785 (100.0) | 292 (37.2) | 195 (24.9) | 297 (37.9) | – |
Demographics and lifetime behaviors | |||||
Age groups | < 0.001 | ||||
18–28 | 206 (26.3) | 97 (33.2) | 30 (15.4) | 79 (26.6) | |
29–35 | 214 (27.3) | 87 (29.8) | 46 (23.6) | 81 (27.3) | |
36–41 | 168 (21.3) | 51 (17.5) | 45 (23.1) | 71 (23.9) | |
42 or older | 197 (25.1) | 57 (19.5) | 74 (38.0) | 66 (22.2) | |
Education level | < 0.001 | ||||
No education | 116 (14.8) | 36 (12.3) | 77 (39.5) | 3 (1.0) | |
Grades 1–9 | 446 (56.8) | 204 (69.9) | 93 (47.7) | 148 (49.8) | |
Grade 10 or higher | 223 (28.4) | 52 (17.8) | 25 (12.8) | 146 (49.2) | |
Ethnicity | < 0.001 | ||||
Kinh | 388 (49.4) | 59 (20.2) | 58 (29.7) | 271 (91.3) | |
Thai | 194 (24.7) | 192 (65.5) | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
H’mong | 54 (6.9) | 3 (1.0) | 51 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Dao | 39 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Others | 110 (14.0) | 38 (13.0) | 45 (23.1) | 26 (8.8) | |
Duration of injection drug use | |||||
≤ 1 year | 246 (31.4) | 108 (37.0) | 77 (39.5) | 61 (20.5) | < 0.001 |
2–3 years | 214 (27.2) | 79 (27.1) | 68 (34.9) | 66 (22.2) | |
4–6 years | 138 (17.6) | 58 (19.9) | 20 (10.3) | 60 (20.2) | |
> 6 years | 187 (23.9) | 47 (16.1) | 30 (15.4) | 110 (37.0) | |
Ever gave or received used needles and/or syringes | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 630 (80.3) | 254 (87.0) | 128 (66.0) | 247 (83.2) | |
Yes | 154 (19.7) | 38 (13.0) | 66 (34.0) | 50 (16.8) | |
Recent behaviors | |||||
Gave or received used needles and/or syringes in the previous 6 months | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 676 (86.3) | 266 (91.1) | 140 (72.2) | 270 (90.9) | |
Yes | 107 (13.7) | 26 (8.9) | 54 (27.8) | 27 (9.1) | |
Frequency of injection drug use in the previous month | < 0.001 | ||||
≤ 1 time/day | 300 (38.4) | 61 (21.0) | 120 (61.5) | 119 (40.2) | |
≥ 2 times/day | 483 (61.6) | 230 (79.0) | 75 (38.5) | 177 (59.8) | |
Gave used needles and/or syringes in the previous month | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 672 (91.2) | 262 (93.6) | 155 (85.2) | 254 (92.7) | |
Yes | 65 (8.8) | 18 (6.4) | 27 (14.8) | 20 (7.3) | |
Received used needles and/or syringes in the previous month | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 652 (88.5) | 260 (92.9) | 139 (76.4) | 252 (92.0) | |
Yes | 85 (11.6) | 20 (7.1) | 43 (23.6) | 22 (8.0) | |
Went to a hotspot in the previous week | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 299 (43.1) | 187 (65.6) | 62 (39.0) | 49 (19.8) | |
Yes | 393 (56.9) | 98 (34.4) | 97 (61.0) | 198 (80.2) | |
Received free clean needles and syringes in the previous 6 months | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 378 (48.2) | 134 (45.9) | 140 (71.8) | 104 (35.0) | |
Yes | 407 (51.8) | 158 (54.1) | 55 (28.2) | 193 (65.0) | |
Number of sex partners in the previous 6 months | < 0.001 | ||||
1 | 234 (30.2) | 143 (49.0) | 125 (64.1) | 181 (63.7) | |
0 | 449 (58.2) | 119 (40.8) | 51 (26.2) | 63 (22.2) | |
Multiple | 89 (11.5) | 30 (10.3) | 19 (9.7) | 40 (14.1) | |
HIV status | < 0.001 | ||||
HIV testing before this study | |||||
Ever tested and HIV+ | 80 (11.7) | 43 (16.9) | 12 (9.0) | 25 (8.6) | |
Ever tested and HIV− | 166 (24.4) | 62 (24.4) | 19 (14.2) | 84 (28.9) | |
Never tested | 434 (63.8) | 149 (58.7) | 103 (76.9) | 182 (62.5) | |
HIV prevalence (results from blood test for this study) | 199 (25.4) | 111 (37.9) | 33 (16.9) | 55 (18.5) | < 0.001 |