Table 1 Naloxone distribution models in the USA: prescription specifications, targeted at-risk populations, and geographic reach
From: Orienting patients to greater opioid safety: models of community pharmacy-based naloxone
| Â | Community-based organization Naloxone distribution | Traditional prescription | Pharmacy-based Naloxone models | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPA | Standing medication order | Protocol order | Pharmacist prescribing | |||
Who issues prescription? | Prescriber via standing order | Prescriber | Non-pharmacist prescriber | Non-pharmacist prescriber | Licensing board | Pharmacist |
Medical professionals required | Varies by state: prescriber, state/local health department | Prescriber + pharmacist | Prescriber + pharmacist | Prescriber + pharmacist | Pharmacist | Pharmacist |
Potential recipients | Individuals served by the community-based organization | Patients of the prescriber | Varies by state | Anyone meeting criteria specified by prescriber | Anyone meeting criteria specified by licensing board | Anyone for whom medication is indicated |
Target overdose risk population served | People who use drugs (prescription opioids, heroin) who access the community-based organization* | People who use drugs who are in treatment/visit a prescriber* | People who use drugs (prescription opioids, heroin) who visit a pharmacy* | People who use drugs (prescription opioids, heroin) who visit a pharmacy* | People who use drugs (prescription opioids, heroin) who visit a pharmacy* | People who use drugs (prescription opioids, heroin) who visit a pharmacy* |
Patients prescribed opioids who are at risk of overdose* | Patients filling a prescription for opioids at a pharmacy who are at risk of overdose* | Patients filling a prescription for opioids at a pharmacy who are at risk of overdose* | Patients filling a prescription for opioids at a pharmacy who are at risk of overdose* | Patients filling a prescription for opioids at a pharmacy who are at risk of overdose* | ||
Geographic reach | Limited to where community-based organizations are located and operate | Limited to where the prescriber practices | Any participating pharmacy within the state | Any participating pharmacy within the state | Any participating pharmacy within the state | Limited to where the pharmacist practices |